According To Marx, Society Is Primarily Divided On Those

According to Marx, society is primarily divided on those who own property, For Marx, he believes that there are only two primary groups in society and these classes are the bourgeoisies and the proletariats whose social relationship is the motivational force for change in capitalism. But before humans can do anything, they must satisfy certain their basic needs, they must feed, clothe and house themselves though productive labor, as it is the This approach is called by Marx, the Materialist Conception of History. Because humans produce their own means of life, the only available means would determine their level of existence, as the â€Å"productive forces of society† consist of the means of production and labor power, enabling them to†¦show more content†¦With everything bought and sold at its value, with the capitalists pocketing the surplus- value made from the labor of the proletariats. Now Marx isn’t saying that all components of capitalism are bad, it’s just that the capitalist class must exploit the proletariats to remain on top of the hierarchy. They must continue to exploit to build their wealth at their best interest, as their class division entails them to continuously do to continue the wealth bloodline In this context, Marx realizes that the productive forces in a society develop faster than production relations, and they may also conflict with each other. Formally breaking down what consisted of the hierarchy structure that depersonalized many, in which freedom was limited because one’s social class, attempting to break free of the oppression that once was. This conflict was to be resolved by replacing the old socio- economical production relation with a new one. According to Marx, there are five socio-economic formations. They were â€Å"primitive-communal, slave owning, feudal, capitalist and communist†. Marx claims that each class conflict between each production has ultimately reached their final stage of revolution after transitioning from one socio economic format to another. This underlined the progressive character changes of the social development scheme. With Marx believing that the changes made in society would correspond to the mode of production in socie ty by replacing the exploitative mode ofShow MoreRelatedSocial Theories of Karl Marx and Maw Weber789 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Karl Marx and Max Weber formed many years ago. Although there are too many for us to go further in depth on, I chose to primarily focus on Racism and Classism. With the perspectives of these theorists in mind I can explain how Racism, Classism, in conjunction with Feminism are among the largest social problems human beings face in the world today. Both theorists have different theories of the social concept Classism, however they are not that much different from one another. 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As such, the struggles for power and its relation to politics are separated into how the proletariat and the bourgeoisieRead MoreKarl Marx s Theories During The Industrial Revolution1662 Words   |  7 Pagesin which class division and wage labor were the most foregrounded aspects of society (Poynton). Karl Marx’s theories during this time gave way to new perspectives and different ways of viewing oneself in class positions. Comparisons between social and political structures in the 19th century and the 21st century expose the similarities that have yet to be modified. Marxist theory pro ved to offer a framework for society to undergo evolutionary change that would put an end to the capitalist mode ofRead MoreHow Mechanical And Or Organic Solidarity As Discussed By Durkheim2434 Words   |  10 PagesDurkheim are relevant in today’s society. 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Movie Analysis Military Science Fiction - 1172 Words

Military science fiction has grown up over the years. Gone are the days when a simple plot would suffice. Readers demand more of an intricate story, something they can proverbially sink their teeth into. They do not want something that can be read in hours. Because of this demand, story plots are more complex today than in previous years. In the stories presented this semester, storylines varied, but there was always once central theme: survival. Characters were built up more to accommodate the intricate plots. Themes have matured and reflect current world events. All these work together to provide the backbone of the stories. Over the past decade, story scenarios have become more enthralling to the reader. The adventures presented this†¦show more content†¦After quite an interesting conversation with a nine-meter-tall representation of Adolph Hitler, Old Guy found himself in battle with the Blade Fetish. He was ultimately saved by MegaHitler. Plots went deeper by placing a historical enemy that wanted absolution alongside a physical antagonist. In Combat Unit, a fighting Unit battled not only an unknown enemy, but also the unfamiliar surroundings it was in. Enemies were Story plots went deeper with the addition of a child in Ender’s Game. The survival of the human race was at stake and depended on the actions of a child winning a game. Survival of a race was still evident, but it rested on the ruthlessness of adults who pressured Ender into excelling at their game. Protecting planetary resources was one of the main plots of On Basilisk Station. Honor Harrington had to defend a species from an overzealous drug lord, while protecting her crew from different enemies. John Perry had to battle numerous foes in Old Man’s War. Each species had their own nuances and that complicated defending planets against them. All John â€Å"Black Jack† Geary wanted to do was get his fleet home. However, the enemy he was running from, the Syndics, m anaged to make it more difficult for him. It took extraordinary tactics to avoid them. Survival meant outsmarting a brilliant enemy. Through each story, the basic need for longevity took on various forms. It went from being quite simple to a complicated goal. Backstories had given more

International Financial Accounting Standards

Question: Discuss about the International Financial Accounting Standards. Answer: Introduction: Conceptual Framework refers to various ideas and objectives that help to set different rules and regulation for accounting. Conceptual Framework has a great significance in the process of accounting all over the world. The role, advantages problems and critics of current conceptual framework is discussed below. Role: In the process of accounting, the conceptual framework has a significance role to play. One of the major roles of conceptual framework is to assist international Accounting Standard Board (IASB) in making the future International Financial Accounting Standards (IFRS). Not only making the rules it helps IASB to review the existing IFRSs. Conceptual framework plays an important role to make harmony among all the existing accounting rules and regulations by reducing the number of alternative accounting treatments. It helps to set a universal accounting standard. It also provides assistance to the national standard-setting bodies to set the accounting standards in the specific counties (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). Another major role of conceptual framework is that it helps to address the new accounting issues that are not recognized yet. Conceptual framework plays an important part in the auditing process also. It assists the auditors all over the world in forming opinions th at the financial statements of the audited organizations comply with the accounting rules and regulations of IFRS or not. The users of financial statements like the investors, stakeholders and others use the conceptual framework to interpret various facts of the financial settlements. Last but not the least, conceptual framework provide valuable information to the members of IFRS to develop new accounting rules and regulations. These are the most important roles of conceptual framework (Macve 2015). Benefits: As mentioned in the above discussion, conceptual framework is nothing but some theoretical principles that assist in the process of financial accounting and financial reporting. There are some major benefits or advantages of the conceptual framework. The major benefit of conceptual framework is that it helps to evaluate or clarify the various concepts in the accounting conceptual framework (Smieliauskas 2016). There are various accounting concepts that are tough to explain with the help of conceptual framework. Another benefit of conceptual framework is that it assists the international as well as national standards setters to set the accounting rules and regulations on a consistent basis. On the other hand, conceptual framework assists the auditors, users of financial statements and preparers of financial standard setters to understand the different approaches, nature and functions of accounting and financial information. These are the main benefits of conceptual framework (Henderson et al. 2015). Problems and Critics: One of the major problems of conceptual framework is that whether the liabilities and assets of an organization are measured based on cost or value. This is one of the problem areas where the current conceptual framework is criticized. This measurement problem has created a conflict that raises questions towards the measurement framework of assets and liabilities. Another problem is that there are many methods available for the assets and liabilities valuation and this has made the conflict more complex (Craig, Smieliauskas and Amernic 2014). General-purpose financial statement is an important financial document that assists creditors and investors in the decision making process. Various components of general-purpose financial statement are income statement, balance sheet, statement of owners equity, cash flow statement and many others. There should be some major objectives of general-purpose financial statements. The most important objective of general-purpose financial statement is to provide valuable important financial information about the reporting organization to its creditors, investors, lenders and others that assist them to take important decisions. These decisions include buying decision, selling decision, equity decision, investment decision and others. Another important objective of general-purpose financial statement should be to provide important information about the reporting entity regarding the economic resources. This information includes the information about the economic resources, various claims abo ut the organization and others (Nobes 2014). General-purpose financial statement provides other important information that affects the economic resources and claims of the reporting entity. These information has a lot of importance to the investors and others as they can judge the financial strengths and weaknesses of the organization. On the other hand, this information indicates the liquidity and solvency position of the reporting organization. Another objective of general-purpose financial statement should be providing cash flow related information to the investors and creditors. The investors can assess the reporting entitys ability to generate future cal inflows with the help of information provided by general-purpose financial statement. These should be the major objectives of general-purpose financial statement (ifrs.org 2017). In the above discussion, it is discussed that one of the most important objective of general-purpose financial statement is to provide valuable and relative information about the reporting company to the investors, creditors, lenders and others. The main agenda behind this supply of information is to make the investors, creditors, lenders and others aware about the financial position of the organization. This process will help them to take effective decisions about sales, purchase, investment and others. As per the Exposure Draft, more emphasis is given on this process so that more prominent and accurate information can be provided to the investors and others. In order to achieve this milestone, it is proposed by the Exposure Draft to reintroduce the term stewardship in a more prominent and effective way. The Exposure Draft says that the term stewardship needs to be used continuously in order to implement accountability in the accounting process (van Mourik and Katsuo 2014). In this regard, it can be said that the board has taken the right decision to reintroduce stewardship. This move has many positive impacts. First, this process will help the investors, creditors, lenders and others to take effective prominent decisions like buying and selling decisions, investment decisions, loan decisions and others. On the other hand, it will help to implement accountability in the process of accounting. In addition, this process will resolve the issue of costs from the conceptual framework. All these reasons contribute to the acceptability of the tentative decision of the board (ifrs.org 2017). Prudence is considered as one of the most important concepts in accounting. In the process of accounting, various uncertainties can be seen over some specific factors like the collection of doubtful debts, the probable useful life of plant and machinery and many others. The concept of prudence says that an accountant needs to record liabilities at the time of their occurrence, but he/she should record the revenues when they are realized. In a more precise note, prudence refers to some degree of cautious that prevents the overstatement of assets and incomes and understatement of liabilities and expenses (ifrs.org 2017). The above discussion shows the meaning of prudence. However, there is another important concept that is called Asymmetrical Prudent. There are many similarities between prudence and asymmetrical prudence. Asymmetrical prudence occurs when the accountant makes judgment about any asset or liability under the situation of uncertainty. However, there is a lot of differences between asymmetrical prudence and cautious prudence. The main function of asymmetrical prudence is to make the accounting treatment for incomes and liabilities for one period. It has been seen that the asymmetrical prudence leads to the understatement of income for one period and overstatement of incomes for the future periods. The main reason of this is that the prudence is that the accounting rules and regulations allow asymmetrical prudence to take into consideration the incomes that are assured to get after only period (Glckner 2016). The board has taken a tentative decision to reintroduce the concept of prudence in order to bring more transparency in the accounting processes of the companies. Prudence has a lot of significance in recognizing the losses than the profits. It has been decided in the Exposure draft on 18 May 2016 that in the new conceptual framework, prudence needs to be described as exercise of caution at the time of passing the judgments about uncertainty. It has been decided by the board that there is no need to separate mention the extent of prudence it has already been included in the framework. In addition, the board has also decided that the staffs need understand how to acknowledge prudence in the conceptual framework (Schilder 2013). Based on the above discussion it can be said that the reintroduction of prudence in the conceptual framework is a good idea from the side of the board. This process will give more importance to the concept of prudence and it will bring more transparency in the d etermining the future loss and gains of the organizations. However, the treatment of prudence in the Exposure Draft is not adequate. There are some major facts about prudence that are not present in the Exposure Draft. Some aspects of prudence and asymmetric prudence are missing in the Exposure Draft. One of the major issues regarding the Exposure Draft is that IASB has acknowledged the concept of prudence in the accounting process but they have not included it in the Exposure Draft. In order to make the draft more accurate, all these missing facts need to be included in it (Marshall and Lennard 2016). Another major accounting concept is the concept of substance over form. As per this concept, all the financial transactions of an organization needs to be recorded in the financial statement rather than only presenting the legal form and documents of those transactions. This is done so that the true and fair view of the business entities can be recognized. According to this concept, the accountants of the organizations have a lot of responsibility at the time of accounting. It is their responsibility to derive all the accounting and financial transactions from the various documents of the organizations and record them in the financial statements of the organization. Another reason of this action is to use these financial documents as per future references. As per the example, IAS 17 Lease can be mentioned in this regard. As per this rule, any particular asset can be leased without transferring the legal documents to the lessee. However, in this process, the transaction of lease must be recorded in the financial documents of both the parties. The process of substance over form has a great significance in the accounting process as it helps in the true and fair representation of all accounting and financial information. In presence of substance over form, all the assets and liabilities of an organization show the trues value of them (Ahmed, Sabirzyanov and Rosman 2016). According to the proposed exposure draft, it has been decided to reintroduce the concept of substance over form. It has been said in the Exposure Draft that substance over form helps to document all the information about the financial activities rather than only presenting the legal documents of those transactions. In a more precise note, it can be said that the substance over form refers to the faithful representation of all accounting and financial information. On 18 May 2016, the board has decided that the proposed Exposure Draft will include all the substances of substance over form to make the financial statement transparent (Disle et al. 2016). As per the decision of the board, the proposed Exposure Draft will describe the uncertainties in measurement to implement faithful representation. On the other hand, the Exposure draft will also include the Basis of Conclusion I the revised conceptual framework. The board has also taken decision not tom include some factors in the concep tual framework like the brief explanation of existence, measurement and outcome uncertainties and others. After the above discussion, it can be said that the board has taken a correct step regarding substance over form as this process will be resulted in the fair and true representation of all the necessary accounting and financial information. The legal documents have a lot of importance, but the true and fair presentation of accounting and financial information is necessary for the success of the organizations (Walton 2015). References Ahmed, M.U., Sabirzyanov, R. and Rosman, R., 2016. A critique on accounting for murabaha contract: a comparative analysis of IFRS and AAOIFI accounting standards.Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research,7(3). Craig, R., Smieliauskas, W. and Amernic, J., 2014. Assessing Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Using Expert Accounting Witness Evidence and the Conceptual Framework.Australian Accounting Review,24(3), pp.200-206. Disle, C., Prier, S., Bertrand, F., Gonthier-Besacier, N. and Protin, P., 2016. Business Model and Financial Reporting: How has the Concept been Integrated into the IFRS Framework?.Comptabilit-Contrle-Audit,22(1), pp.85-119. Glckner, A., 2016. New development: The protective role of conservatism in public sector accounting.Public Money Management,36(7), pp.527-530. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. ifrs.org. (2017).Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/Current-Projects/IASB-Projects/Conceptual-Framework/Documents/May%202015/ED_CF_MAY%202015.pdf [Accessed 7 Jan. 2017]. ifrs.org. (2017).IASB Staff Paper November 2016 Effect of Board redeliberations on the Exposure Draft Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/Current-Projects/IASB-Projects/Conceptual-Framework/Documents/November%202016/Summary_of_tentative_decisions_November.pdf [Accessed 7 Jan. 2017]. ifrs.org. (2017).STAFF PAPER May 2014 REG IASB Meeting. [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/Meetings/MeetingDocs/IASB/2014/May/AP10I-Conceptual%20Framework.pdf [Accessed 7 Jan. 2017]. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Marshall, R. and Lennard, A., 2016. The reporting of income and expense and the choice of measurement bases.Accounting Horizons,30(4), pp.499-510. Nobes, C., 2014.International Classification of Financial Reporting 3e. Routledge. Schilder, A., 2013. The evolving role of auditors and auditor reporting. InCReCER Conference, Colombia. Smieliauskas, W., 2016. Auditability of Accounting Estimates and the IASB's Conceptual Framework Exposure Draft (2015).Browser Download This Paper. van Mourik, C. and Katsuo, Y., 2014. The IASB and ASBJ conceptual frameworks: same objective, different financial performance concepts.Accounting Horizons,29(1), pp.199-216. Walton, P., 2015. IFRS in European observer's perspective of the next 10 years.Accounting in Europe,12(2), pp.135-151. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.

Quality Gurus Essay Example

Quality Gurus Essay As noted in the Kerzner textbook, many people have been responsible for the quality movement with the leading contributors W. Edwards Deming, Joseph M. Juran, and Philip B. Crosby. Compare and Contrast the three primary quality gurus and select one of these leaders and describe why you feel his work has definitely contributed to project quality management. Build on the items presented in the textbook in terms of their contributions and the comparison of the experts work. Discuss the highlights of the quality Gurus contribution. Note what you believe are the advantages and disadvantages of this individuals contributions. In your paper, describe why you selected this particular expert over the other two since all three have been so instrumental in the success of quality management. With quality playing a large role to gain the competitive edge over its competition, it’s no question as to why it’s important to study the history of the quality movement in project management. It is essential for a project team to produce a high quality product and to have high standards of quality when completing the assigned projects. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Gurus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Gurus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Gurus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An organization may think their product is top notch but if the customer is not happy with the result or disagrees with the level of quality in a product the company will lose money. This is the reason why all companies and organizations must focus more of their resources on quality. Although the quality movement has had many notable contributors, the three most influential are W. Edwards Deming, Joseph M. Juran, and Phillip B. Crosby. (Kerzner, 2009, p. 877). All three men believed project quality success started with the personnel in management roles. If a manager didn’t care or wasn’t paying attention to their employees, the quality of the products they provided would decrease and the outcome would be poor. Managers need to provide their employees with every available resource to be successful in creating a quality product. This includes education, leading by example and providing quality materials, tools, and equipment in order to be successful. Juran believed managers needed to be educated and trained on the changes to be implemented during the production process. He felt resistance to change was cultural and the root cause of quality and human relation problems and said should be isolated and resolved (Smith, 2011, p. 42). Crosby was quick to point out that in order to create a manufacturing process that has zero defects; management must set the tone and ambiance for employees to follow. If management does not create a system by which zero defects are clearly the objective, then employees are not to blame when things go astray and result in defects occurring (Smith, 2011, p. 6). Deming believed the reason companies were not producing quality products was management concentrating on the wrong timeframe. They were focused on the here and now rather than the future of the business. Deming claimed that 85 percent of all quality problems required management to take initiative and change the process (Kerzner, 2009, p. 877). Another similarity between Deming, Juran and Crosby’s principles on quality is the significance of achieving the highes t customer satisfaction. They agreed it is a long term process that will take time and commitment from everyone and it will not produce results overnight. Improvements to reduce costs, anticipate problems and how to prevent quality flaws will be evident over time when cost and quality are not in competition with one another (Suarez, 1992, p. 16). The three gurus also agreed that education and training must be continuous at all levels to foster a common language of quality, to develop employee skills and knowledge to succeed (Suarez, 1992, p. 16). Education of managers and employees in order to successfully implement a new process are the grounds to building good teamwork and communication. This all takes time and is not something that should be rushed or it will not be as successful. They also agree in the elimination of inspections in terms of achieving quality (for instance post production inspections) (Suarez, 1992, p. 17). Even though Deming, Juran, and Crosby all have similarities between their key principles in quality management there are several aspects that are different to the approaches. They all recognize the importance of measurement to improve quality; however, the level of importance each emphasizes is different. Crosby and Juran view the cost of quality as the focus of measurement whereas Deming does not use the cost of quality as a focus (Suarez, 1992, p. 18). To Deming, meeting the customers’ needs and expectations about a product or service is of higher importance to quality. He also considers unknown costs such as the impact of lost customers to be more significant than visible costs (Suarez, 1992, p. 8). Deming, Juran, and Crosby all define quality in different ways. Deming defines quality as a continuous improvement and the ultimate goal is zero defects; however, he realizes an error free product may not be economically feasible or practical (Kerzner, 2009, p. 880). Deming also states a product or service is defined by the customer and quality is a relative term and will change based on the customer’s needs (Suarez, 1992, p. 3) Juran’s definition of quality focuses 100% of the customer’s satisfaction of the product. He stresses a balance between product features and products free from deficiencies and believes a quality product is free from deficiencies (Suarez, 1992, p. 4). In order to achieve this satisfaction, Juran believes a company needs to spend its resources resolving â€Å"sporadic† problems (short term problems that generate sudden changes for the lessened quality) and â€Å"chronic† problems (may need scientific breakthrough to achieve higher levels of quality) (Kerzner, 2009, p. 80-881) Crosby says quality must be measurable and clearly defined to help the organization take action based on tangible targets rather than a hunch, experience or opinions. (Suarez, 1992, p. 3) Crosby argues that the cost of quality includes only nonconformance costs and is ultimately free (Kerzner, 2009 p. 881). Crosby’s measurable method for nonconformance relies heavily on motivation and the role of senior management (Kerzner, 2009, p. 881). He also believed there are no varying leve ls or degrees of quality; it’s either quality or it’s not (Suarez, 1992, p. 3). In addition the three quality gurus view the role of the supplier importance differently. Deming favors the practice of working with a single supplier when feasible, thus reducing the variability of incoming materials (Suarez, 1992, p. 20). When a long-term relationship is made with one supplier that’s built on trust and understanding Deming believes the company benefits from suppliers improving their own processes. He believes they are more likely to provide better products and services in order to maintain long term contracts with the purchasers (Suarez, 1992, p. 0). Crosby and Juran recognize some advantages of having a single supplier; however they take a more conservative view. They advocate for a company to try to reduce the number of suppliers they work with but still stress importance on different suppliers for key products (Suarez, 1992, p. 20). That way, in the event that a company’s main supplier has an unforeseen event limiting production (such as an employe e strike or a product backorder) there is a backup and it will not limit the company’s output and production. Even though Deming, Juran, and Crosby view management commitment as the most fundamentally important aspect in quality management they emphasize the manager’s role in participation differently. Crosby relies heavily on â€Å"zero defects† and believes it is not the workers fault if defects are found in a product but that management failed to provide an example in which employees emulate (Smith, 2011, p. 46). If management does not portray the importance of obtaining a product that contains zero defects the workers will follow their lead and the product will lack quality. In turn, this may produce a product that the customer does not want or is not satisfied with. This may also cause loss of revenue or clients. Juran’s concept advocates for education of managers and believes human relation problems and resistance to change is an important fact causing quality issues (Smith, 2011, p. 42). He believes communication between managers and employees about the importance of quality is essential. Manager’s decisions and actions must be geared towards obtaining set goals, providing the necessary resources and serving on quality councils and quality improvement teams (Suarez, 1992, p. 0). Demining, however, has specific rules and responsibilities of managers and a company’s leadership, He believes that it is not the manager’s job to point fingers and to keep records of failures, but to remove barriers and help create a culture that promotes helping others do a better job and to feel pride in their craft (Suarez, 1992, p. 20). In comp arison of the three gurus, the person who had the most influence over the quality management movement was Joseph M Juran. Juran has been called the father of quality and is referred to as the greatest quality giant of the 20th century (Smith, 2011, p. 2). Juran’s approach to achieving the highest quality product is based on a strategic approach. This allows the quality issues to be resolved one by one as they arise and on a per project basis. Juran developed many concepts to support his philosophy including the â€Å"spiral of progress in quality,† the â€Å"breakthrough sequence,† the â€Å"project by project approach,† the â€Å"Juran trilogy† and the principle of the â€Å"vital few and trivial many†( Smith, 2011, p. 42). It is sometimes a lost idea by companies (especially the larger they get) that they have employees working for them. Everyone is human. Instead of a very aggressive statistical approach to quality management like Deming promotes, or a â€Å"one size fits all† type of structured roadmap for management to follow like Crosby believes, Juan promotes teamwork. His project by project approach allows changes to be customized based on needs. Juran acknowledges there can be different levels of quality and that it is not cut and dry. The characteristics of quality he defines are structural, sensory, time oriented, commercial and ethical (Kerzner, 2009, p. 880). Any one of these characteristics can be mediocre and it does not mean that the product is not quality, it means there can be improvements made to a certain aspect of the product to meet the customer’s needs and improve on the quality. However his most influential concept is the â€Å"Juran trilogy†. The Juran trilogy consists of three concepts: quality improvement, quality planning and quality control (Kerzner, 2009, p. 878). The trilogy makes it clear that one concept will not be improved without the other two since they are all interrelated to each other. According to Juran, the starting point in the trilogy is quality planning by creating a process to meet established quality goals ( Juran, 2005, p. 66). This is the first line of defense from poor quality products and a vital step in improving quality. Without a plan there is no road map on how to achieve certain goals. Quality planning means goals are established, implementation and resource plans are made and a plan is created to achieve the level of quality desired (Juran, 2005, p. 67). Once the plans are in place quality can be measured and controlled by monitoring the process and performance and it can be compared against the objectives (Juran, 2005, p. 67). Once the plans are in place and the control and monitoring of quality is going on, improvements can be made based on feedback or observations by improving employee morale, increasing profitability, and satisfying the customer’s needs (Juran, 2005, p. 67). In addition to Juran’s trilogy, another benefit to his contribution of quality is he sees problems as projects. This allows improvements to be made on a per project basis. By focusing on problems as projects, it helps focus improvement on specific areas and can provide short term results within a long-term strategy (Suarez, 1992, p. 21). Juran also acknowledges the human relation in projects. He believed human relation problems were issues to isolate and resolve in order for quality to be its best in a product. He considered education of management was important to resolve conflicts when they arise (Smith, 2011, p. 42). He thought the need for change is the answer to quality problems. Without education managers did not have the proper tools to help create the environment for change to take place. His â€Å"fitness for use† concept attributes quality of design, conformance, availability, safety and field of use to the satisfaction of the customer and the real measurement of the success of a quality product (Kerzner, 2009, p. 878). Juran believed quality was defined by the customer and meeting their expectations. Anyone affected by the product was considered a customer from those who deal with the product in the developmental stages to those who deal with the finished product (Suarez, 1992, p. ). Juran focused on the human aspect in quality all around. The biggest disadvantage to Juran’s approach is also on his quality improvement views. He believes in the trilogy to achieve improvements in quality, however, he does not focus too much on the prevention of problems to create poor quality products (Suarez, 1992, p. 19). Juran’s focus is more on so lving the problems that arise then to prevent them which can mean there will always be processes to follow and the chance of a poor quality product and the possible loss of a customer.

New England and Chesepeake Bay Colonies DBQ essays

New England and Chesepeake Bay Colonies DBQ essays In the period leading up to the 1700s, the New World experienced a vast separation between the many English settlers who had arrived there. The colonists of English origin parted and took different paths, one leading many to the Chesapeake Bay/Virginia area and another to the Massachusetts Bay Colony/New England territory. Although similar in origin, the New World settlers divided and evolved into two very distinct societies with varied ideals, morals, and ways of life. In the New England area religion was extremely important and dictated very much so how the colonists should act. In a letter from John Winthrop states the need for unity as we must be knit together in this work as one man (Winthrop, 1). Written on board the Arbella, Winthrop calls for each man to abridge himself for the supply of others necessities. This theme of unity and religion is also very apparent in the Articles of Agreement founded in 1636 in Springfield. The townsmen join in the belief that though some of them are rich and some poor, they all agree to share planting ground and see to it that all have suitable estates. As in Winthrops letter, the colonists agree to the number one article in which, through Gods grace, they may form a covenant and walk in all the ways of Christ (Springfield, 2). A religion-dominated institution is apparent, lastly, in Connecticut, especially in the Wage and Price Regulations. The settlers of this New England colony form a General Court where the most important objective is to [receive] such moderate profit as may enable them to serve God and their neighbors with their acts and trades...and do not enrich themselves (Connecticut, 3). Seen in all three documents is the theme of sacrificing ones self and living as a Christian to better others as Christ would. In contrast, the Virginia colony seemed to consist of more divided, gold-hungry settlers. U...

Announcing Daily Writing Tips Pro

Announcing Daily Writing Tips Pro Announcing Daily Writing Tips Pro Announcing Daily Writing Tips Pro By Daniel Scocco When we launched Daily Writing Tips back in 2007, our goal was a simple one: to help people improve their writing skills. Over 2,000 articles later, we believe we have achieved that goal. Today, we are launching a new section called Daily Writing Tips Pro. Our plan is to provide more features and tools for our readers who are serious about improving their English. Below, youll find some questions and answers that explain how everything works. What features are included in Daily Writing Tips Pro? Pro subscribers will have access to: 1. full articles delivered via email seven days a week. 2. writing exercises delivered via email seven days a week. 3. exercise archives with over 100 interactive exercises on a wide range of topics. 4. writing courses with lessons delivered weekly via email. 5. an aggregator of online writing jobs, updated daily. What if I am already an email subscriber? Current email subscriptions will keep working. The only change is that instead of the full articles, you will now receive an excerpt of each article. In order to read the full article, just click on the link to our website. If you want the full articles via email, youll need a Pro subscription. What about access to the website will it change? Not at all. We will keep publishing all our articles on the website as we have always done, and accessing them will remain completely free. Will the exercises be available on the website? No. Exercises are available only to Pro subscribers. Once you become a member, youll start receiving them via email, and youll be able to log in to the members area to access the exercise archives. What is the cost of the Pro subscription? The subscription costs $9.90 per month if you decide to pay monthly, or $6.70 per month if you pay yearly. We will increase the price in the future, but if you sign up today youll be locking your subscription fee, so you wont be affected by future changes in the price. Which writing courses are included? Right now, the Freelance Writing Course is available. Registration used to cost $97, but youll get access to all the lessons as a Pro member for no additional cost. We plan to add one new course every quarter, and youll get access to those as well without paying anything extra. Can I try it free before deciding? Absolutely. When you sign up for a Pro account, the first 15 days are free. Youll need to set up a PayPal subscription, but you wont get charged a dime during the trial period. If you decide its not for you, simply email us, and well cancel your subscription on the same day. Ready to try it? Click here to get to the Daily Writing Tips Pro page, where you can read all the details and sign up. Youll even be able to test-drive some of our exercises, so check it out! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowDeck the Halls5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Ethical argument smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical argument smoking - Essay Example Those who consider it justified ethically say that to smoke or not is individual’s decision and everybody has a right to decide for himself/herself. Smoking cigarettes is often considered to be a cause of other problems. There is need to find out how frequently smoking becomes the cause of more serious and condemnable habits like smoking heroin or marijuana. The optimal limit to which one can smoke plain cigarettes without causing substantial damage to one’s health should also be determined. I think that currently my topic is not narrow enough to write a detailed argument about it. I might need to narrow it down so that I collect facts and explore the topic from a particular aspect like the optimal level of plain smoking or smoking as a cause of heroin consumption etc. People who oppose my position would say that smoking is injurious to health, so it cannot be justified on any grounds. They would also say that smoking in private is also not acceptable since the activity does not yield a single positive result but does carry a lot of risks for the smoker. I can say that cigarettes are not the only thing that are injurious to health; there are many other activities that are injurious to health or environment but they are not taken as seriously e.g. alcohol consumption, drunk driving, and consumption of junk food. I can say that to smoke in private should be allowed because there is practically no way to stop an individual from smoking in private. Any amount of energy or resources invested in trying to stop people from smoking in private would go wasted. The readers would know that cigarettes are injurious to health and can be a cause of such conditions as lung cancer and mouth cancer. I would need to carry out some research to prove my readers that cigarettes are not as injurious to health as they are frequently assumed to be. I

Second Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Second Language Acquisition - Essay Example This means that linguistic studies are extremely important as they investigate the matters are able to contribute to a better understanding of the human civilization. This paper will examine the differences between two notions: communicative competence on the one hand and linguistic competence on the other. Since the key to perceiving the differences between the above mentioned notions partially lies in the process of language acquisition, the paper will utilize three perspectives that were developed with regard to Second Language Acquisition, namely linguistic, psychological and social one in other to make the analysis objective as well as detailed. Each of the above mentioned perspectives will be analyzed in great detail and various frameworks within it will be used, such as Transformational-Generative Grammar and Universal Grammar, Functionalism and Neurolinguistics, Information Processing and Connectionism, individual differences of learners will also be utilized, together with m icrosocial and macrosial foci of the social perspective. To begin with, it would be particularly important to provide definitions of each of the concept so that the differences between then might become visible based on some fundamental aspect. Thus, it is suggested that communicative competence might be defined as â€Å"what a speaker needs to know to communicate appropriately within a particular language community† (Saville-Troike 2006, p. 100). As one can easily see, there are several key words in this definition. First of all, it includes a certain amount of skills and knowledge that is essential for acquiring communicative competence. Secondly, there is a word that defines the essential element of this notion – â€Å"appropriately†. In other words, a person might possess the above mentioned skills and knowledge, but their amount may not be sufficient in order to contribute to

Special Education Teacher Essay Example for Free

Special Education Teacher Essay Passion and compassion two words with very different meanings, but for me, one is the driving force behind my determination to teach. It’s been a long and winding road for me to reach this point of my life, and for me to discover my true destiny to be a teacher. It is now that I realize that my compassion for children is what will strengthen my teaching aptitude and the combination of my education and compassion make me a qualified candidate for any teaching position. In short, my compassion for children is what drives my passion to teach. As I consider the road that is ahead of me, I am thrilled with excitement and eager to explore the many opportunities that lay ahead of me. Most of all, I am passionate about the structure of my future classroom and objectives I plan to tackle in my future career. I feel I owe my students the best possible upbringing and education. They deserve a stimulating and supportive environment that brings out the best in them. I want to encourage my students to broaden their imaginations and reach for goals they considered unattainable. I will strive to instill morals in my students and encourage them to treat each other and their community with respect and understanding. My students will be my primary responsibility their needs will be placed before my own and their development will be my priority. Before we can know where we are going, we must first know where we came from, and the same is true for the educational field. While I am striving for excellence in my career, I must educate myself on the strides my field has made throughout history. Vital lessons can be learned from our nation’s history and the mistakes made in the past. I must reflect on these past strides the educational field has made and continue to look forward. At the same time, I will be able to identify potential regressions the field is trending. I know I can make not only make an impact in the lives of my own students, but in the lives of students everywhere if I stand firm in my beliefs and fight for equality and justice of all children and demand that they be granted all the opportunity to achieve their dreams. Following current political and economic issues affecting education will allow me to understand the direction the field is heading and make educated opinions and allow me to make a stand for what I so passionately believe in, and my involvement in these issues will ensure the educational field will continue to progress. At the same time, identifying and addressing current issues confronting education will empower me to make the proper steps in my quest and further educate me. These current issues will explain to me which groups of children are being neglected or offended by our public education system and pinpoint which matters I need to fight for or against. The important key is education; I need to be educated in education. To do this, I will continue my education after receiving my bachelor’s degree. If I fail to do so, I will be failing innocent children and depriving them of their right to a quality education. I will also attend all school board meetings and be voice for these children in my community. I will also continue to vote in state and federal elections in hope that I may make a difference concerning these issues and so I can change the lives of children nationally. One of the issues confronting education that I am most passionate about is the amount of government involvement allowed in our school systems. Since education is a major focus in the nation’s politics and recipient of federal and state funding, the government naturally enforces strict regulations and guidelines on our school systems. While the degree of this federal involvement varies, the most common obstacle teachers are forced with in this regard is standardized testing. Personal opinion on the matter aside, the fact of the matter is that today’s children must be able to show their knowledge and understanding through this type of assessment. Elected officials have deemed these topics and concepts vital to the development of our nation and the assessment of my students will essentially become the assessment of my school and most importantly, myself as a professional. One of my main focuses in the classroom will be to prepare my students for these standardized tests, academically and mentally. I will vary my approaches in teaching these central concepts in anticipation of reaching a greater sense of understanding for all my students in hopes that they will then succeed on such assessments. While not all will positively respond to the method of testing, I must encourage them to do their very best and attempt to prepare them for this method of testing. I will practice this method of assessment with my students prior to the official testing so they may feel comfortable with the method of assessment and feel less stressed on test day. Regardless of the result of the tests, I will determine what makes a successful school year and I will continually support my student’s learning and be proud of them for all of their already tremendous accomplishments. I will provide each student with the level of support and understand they will need to guarantee an overall successful school year. Furthermore, to become more experienced and a more informed student of education, I dedicate myself to a minimum of thirty hours to participating in K-12 classroom field experience. I will partner with the leaders in the career field and analyze their instruction, relationships and classroom management strategies to gain insight into the field and take away from the experience their best practices so I may be better prepared for my students. I will approach each day with my mentor as the exceptional opportunity is it. I will enter the classroom each time with a new objective I intend to accomplish and will cherish each second I’m able to spend in the classroom. Not every career enables their freshmen professionals the ability to have immediate hands-on experience; this opportunity is truly a rarity and such a blessing. This allows me the chance to learn from quality observation of senior educators and interactions with children in the same setting I expect to one day teach in. I will also be able to share in the instruction of these students and experience the joy when they grasp new concepts and understand the fundamentals. This precious time will provide me with a background that no classroom can provide me and allow me to refer back to these moments when I have a classroom of my own. In addition to analyzing my mentor teacher’s classroom management and relationships, I will also evaluate his or her usage of modern technology in the classroom. After all, modern technology has taken this country by storm; virtually every profession has been influenced by technology and education is no exception. To be successful educator in the twenty-first century, I must be willing to embrace technology and explore options as to how I can incorporate technology into my classroom and lesson plans. My students will benefit from my use of new tools such as smart boards or PowerPoint presentations or Webquest online lesson plans I will prepare for them. My main goal in teaching is making my students respectable and productive members of society, and in order to be productive in today’s age, my students will need to have some technological literacy. While I don’t anticipate them word processing homework assignments, I do expect to explore advances in technology together and I will teach them how to use these advances to their advantage. I must remain up-to-date in the latest developments and learn how I can effectively incorporate technology into my classroom and still remain a student focused atmosphere. I need to able to showcase my ability to embrace technology and my creativity and organization to potential employers so they may be able to develop a firm understanding of my capabilities. One ingenious way to do just this is to create a website portfolio to demonstrate these abilities, along with my teaching philosophy, experience, growth and potential as an educator. I intend to treat this portfolio as a working resume and will constantly keep it current. However, to set my portfolio apart, aside from my extraordinary qualities and capabilities, I plan to entitle a section of my portfolio specifically for the parents of my students to track their child’s activities, learning and progress in my classroom. I welcome as much parental involvement in my classroom as possible, and so I am always considering any additional ways I can allow my parents to be in touch with their child and I think a special section on my website portfolio is perfect. This way the parents can learn more about me personally as a person and teacher so they may feel more comfortable with me and my position as their child’s educator. My biggest challenge in all this will be balancing all my aspirations to become a well-rounded and successful teacher. I will never be perfect and will continuously be learning to better myself for the sake of my students. I plan to grow and develop just as much as my students do each year. I bravely accept this challenge and believe I am more than capable to conquer any obstacle that comes my way. I refuse to allow anything to inhabit my students from becoming successful citizens or degrading my classroom climate, and I am fully prepared to fight for my students’ futures. It is this compassion for my students and my passion for their success that makes me an asset to any school district and a blessing to a child and above all, an exceptional teacher.

the bear :: essays research papers fc

Composition II Research Paper Rough Draft title   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Bear† by William Faulkner, there are several different personalities and attitudes that come into play at various times in the story. The story is told from the perspective of Isaac McCaslin, the boy of the story and one of the main characters as well, and many critics feel that this was â€Å"probably a projection of Faulkner’s own youthful self†(Monarch Notes 5). Isaac was of the aristocratic class of people who were a part of the South, and who also played a significant part of the stories that Faulkner wrote. Another class of people that were a consistent part of Faulkner’s short stories were the poor-whites such as the Snopes family in â€Å"Barn Burning.† Abner Snopes is a man who seems to blame everyone but himself for his problems. Being a Civil War veteren from the Confederate point of view, he was bitter about the War and the way that the Southerners were treated, though it appears that he brought his parti cular condition upon himself. During the War, the only loyalty was to himself and he remained that way Another class of people that are a significant part of Faulkner short stories are the non-whites which include the Negro, the Indian, and any mixture of the different races found in the South. Abner Snopes gave no regard or respect to the â€Å"nigger†(155), who was the de Spain servant and door man, when the Snopeses came to announce their arrival for the sharecropper job, but muttered â€Å"get out of my way, nigger.† Sam Waters gained more kindness and respect than that, though he was still a mixed blood in a wealthy, white world. He was Works Cited Faulkner, William. â€Å"The Bear.† Big Woods New York: Random House, 1955. 11-97. Faulkner, William. â€Å"Barn Burning.† Short Story Masterpieces Ed. Robert Penn Warren and Albert Erskine. New York: Dell, 1954. 148-68. â€Å"Works of William Faulkner: Introduction and Bibliographical Scetch(sic).

Looking For Alaska Double Entry Journal

â€Å"Two rows behind me, I heard a chair move and turned around to see Alaska standing up, slinging her backpack over one arm† Peg. 39 This quote shows how loyal Alaska is. She believes that what Budge was getting kicked out of class for was not fair so she did what Alaska usually does-spoke her mind. If Budge was going to get kicked out of class and she was going with him. It only makes him like her even more. Rorer adorable,' she said, and I felt the intensity of her eyes on me and looked away nervously. ‘Too bad I love my boyfriend. † Peg. 43 Budge is so in love with Alaska that just the slightest compliment makes his day. He knows there's something between them and I think Alaska knows that secretly too because of the way she looked at him. But again, her boyfriend is the problem. † â€Å"She smiled with all the delight of a kid on Christmas morning and said, â€Å"Hall smoke to enjoy it, I smoke to die. Peg. 44 1 had to read this quote over a few time s to really get what she meant by it. This quote shows Alaskan character and who she really Is. She Is not afraid of death by smoking. I think she believes that if you live your life to the fullest, that it doesn't matter what age you re when you die. â€Å"But why Alaska? I asked her. She smiled with the right side of her mouth. Well, later I found out what It means. Its from an Aleut word, Alaska.It means â€Å"that which the sea breaks against,† and I love that. † Peg 53 1 wondered why her name was Alaska through the whole first part of the book, because the name interested me so much. I picked this quote because It shows her being more vulnerable and talking about things like her name and Its meaning. I also Like dhow Budge was so Interested In knowing more about Alaska, and I really do hope they get together later In the book.

Computer Mediated Learning Education

For busy adults with conflicting schedules facing a multitude of family and work demands, who still wish to add to their academic credentials or vocational qualifications, computer mediated learning may seem like an ideal way for such adults to satisfy their educational needs. For an elementary school instructor, however, computer mediated learning lacks the supervisory, mentoring, and hands-on capacity that is usually deemed necessary for imparting basic skills. An â€Å"on-line, collaborative learning approach using the Internet offers solutions to many of the problems plaguing university education,† such as oversubscribed classes and the difficulty for university students to gain access to the required classes that they need to graduate on time. (Jones, 2004) At a higher education level, computer mediated learning allows for students to be enrolled in more sections on a year 'round basis in a university environment-but this is not an advantage enjoyed by elementary school students. At best, in terms of dealing with high enrollment, the computer-mediated classroom is an asset, not a supplement to face-to-face learning on the lower levels of education. Even advocates of distance or computer mediated learning on the university level have stressed that such an educational format works best when students are mature, preferably adult learners, â€Å"comfortable with independent learning and computers,† who have a clear intention of why they wish to obtain their degree. Jones, 2004) Such a description could not be more antithetical to elementary school children. Moreover â€Å"to be successful, the implementation of such a learning approach requires significant technical and educational skills and experience,† as well as motivation on the part of the learners. (Jones, 2004) Does this mean that computer based learning has no place in an elementary school curriculum? Not necessarily. Foreign language instruction that would not otherwise be available to elementary school children is possible through the use of computer based learning, as children can hear and interact with native speakers, and even communicate with classes their own age, across the world. (Perez, 1996) When teaching a foreign language, one teacher found that the new technology encouraged students to think critically, encouraged self-directed learning, and provided a library on-screen of different texts in the language the students was learning. But because the computer medium can allow for passivity on the part of the student, Lucia Perez stresses that a teacher must take an intensively constructivist or hands on approach, to motivate the students to be proactive in their learning, such as assigning independent research topics, rather than permitting students to ‘veg out' in front of a screen, as might be their custom at home when using the computer for pleasure. Likewise, when using computer based learning to teach, for example â€Å"the teaching dilemma was how to simultaneously motivate the students by applying mathematics learning to real life problems of concern to them, and help them to gain quickly the basic skills to do the necessary mathematics manipulations almost automatically,† and once this motivation was integrated into the computer based learning, the program appeared to work well. (Shaw, 1996) Thus, computer based learning can and must be more than simply an effort to transfer face to face classroom instructional practices into a different or virtual medium, for the learning does not take place face to face, but is primarily student-directed. Also, there is more responsibility upon the head of an average Elementary teacher to create assignments that motivate and engage student's imagination when making use of computer based learning for specific, targeted purposes, but when done so effectively, the rewards are great for both teachers and students.

Age Essays - Learning, Education, Behavior Modification, Teaching

Age Essays - Learning, Education, Behavior Modification, Teaching Age: Preschool Subject: Science Topic : Four Seasons Time + Pacing Central Focus of Lesson: At the end of the lesson, students should recognize at there are four different seasons and give characteristics of each of the seasons. Students will be able to make observations about the seasons based on their own experiences. Part 2: Content Objectives Differentiate between the four seasons. Give characteristics of the four seasons. Give examples of events/activities that happen in the four seasons. Students will use previous experiences to come up with these examples. Key Vocabulary Season Winter Spring Summer Fall Prior Academic Learning and Prerequisite Skills: Students will be using examples from their own life to come up with a working definition for winter, spring, summer and fall. They will be using previous experiences to share activities that happen in the four seasons. Using examples from what they already know and see in the world helps them to build schema. Students should also have a prior knowledge of how to use markers/crayons/colored pencils, and put art supplies away. Materials Needed Markers/Crayons/Colored Pencils Paper with 4 categories (one for each child) Board Changing Seasons By: Sian Smith Projector Computer If this book is not available other books on this topic may be used to help children continue to learn about the seasons. Part 3: Lesson Introduction Begin by gathering students and listing the four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and fall) on the board. Ask them questions about each of the seasons. Examples of questions to ask: "How many different seasons are there?" "Does anyone know what season we are in now?" "What is the weather like in winter/spring/summer/fall?" "What are some things that you do in winter/spring/summer/fall?" "How are these different from each other?" Come up with a working definition for each of the seasons. These definitions can be written as bullet points of characteristics of each season. 5-10 min Introduction of New Information Show video: Seasons Song for Children | Learn Four Seasons | Preschool, Kindergarten, Learn English ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBLFMXU8FLI) Ask comprehension questions about the video EX: "What season do the flowers bloom in?" "What season is really hot?" "What do the leaves do in fall?" "Is winter col d or hot?" After this go around the room and each student wi ll share their favorite season. This will allow children to use their previous experiences in each of the seasons to make their decision. Read Changing Seasons by Sian Smith. Ask comprehension questions and add to or take away things from the working definition of the four seasons. Make sure the children are the ones that are saying whether to add to or take away the characteristics/activities. This book discusses the typical weather of each season and also includes activities that are common for each season. This will give children more ideas for activities for the next portion of the lesson. 15-20 mins Learning Activities Children will receive a piece of paper with four categories: winter, spring, summer and fall. They will also receive markers/crayons/colored pencils. Children will be asked to draw one activity that they do in each season or something that happens in each season. EXAMPLES: Swimming in Summer Snowballs in Winter Falling leaves in Fall Rain in Spring 20 min (more time can be added if necessary) Closure (Presentation/Recap): Use this time to make any concepts more clear or answer any questions. Each child will be given the opportunity to share their artwork, but sharing will not be required at this time. 5-10 min Necessity of Art Components This art project will help students to visualize the four seasons. If the students can connect their ideas of activities that they do in each season or something that happens in each season it may help them to remember more information about this topic and differentiate between the four seasons. Informal Assessments The teacher will go around while each student is working on their artwork and listen to the conversations between students. The teacher will take this time to help any struggling students and give them prompts, but not any specific ideas. The teacher will be able to address misconceptions and steer students in the right direction if needed. Students will be given the opportunity to share their artwork with the class. Each student will not be required to talk, but this will give the teacher an idea of which students are more comfortable with this subject and then also which students may need

Words of Wisdom Quotes That Enrich Everyday Life

Words of Wisdom Quotes That Enrich Everyday Life Wisdom is the distilled knowledge that is created through experience and insight. It is not something only the educated have. Mankinds ancestors left behind a treasure trove of wisdom in the form of scriptures, folklore, and proverbs. Their wise words guide people through the meandering path of life through the legends, folk tales, and  sayings  that get passed from one generation to another. These words of wisdom can help guide your life. Read them once, and you will find them  interesting. Read them again, and you will perceive their depth. Sir Winston Churchill The price of greatness is responsibility. Khalil Gibran Yesterday is but todays memory, and tomorrow is todays dream. A little knowledge that acts is worth infinitely more than much knowledge that is idle. Out of suffering have emerged the strongest souls; the most massive characters are seared with scars. I have learned silence from the talkative, toleration from the intolerant, and kindness from the unkind; yet, strange, I am ungrateful to those teachers. ​Faith is a knowledge within the heart, beyond the reach of proof. Your children are not your children. They are the sons and daughters of Lifes longing for itself. They came through you but not from you and though they are with you yet they belong not to you. Theodore Roosevelt Do what you can, with what you have, where you are. Dalai Lama When you lose, dont lose the lesson. Berthold Auerbach Years teach us more than books. A. Maude Royden Learn to hold loosely all that is not eternal. Mark Twain Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest. Epictetus Decide who you must be, then do what you must do. Buddha What you are is what you have been, and what you will be is what you do now. Peace comes from within. Do not seek it without. We are formed and molded by our thoughts. Those whose minds are shaped by selfless thoughts give joy when they speak or act. Joy follows them like a shadow that never leaves them. Thich Nhat Hanh To be beautiful means to be yourself. You don’t need to be accepted by others. You need to accept yourself. William James The art of being wise is the art of knowing what to overlook. Albert Einstein Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Self-development is a higher duty than self-sacrifice. Confucius Recompense injury with justice, and recompense kindness with kindness. What the superior man seeks is in himself; what the small man seeks is in others. Ignorance is the night of the mind, but a night without moon and star. Henry David Thoreau Do not hire a man who does your work for money, but him who does it for love of it. Kurt Vonnegut What should young people do with their lives today? Many things, obviously. But the most daring thing is to create stable communities in which the terrible disease of loneliness can be cured. Ralph Waldo Emerson Do not be too timid and squeamish about your reactions. All life is an experiment. The more experiments you make the better. Ruth Stafford Peale Find a need and fill it. Sun Tzu Appear weak when you are strong, and strong when you are weak. Jimi Hendrix Knowledge speaks, but wisdom listens. Chinese Proverb The longer the explanation, the bigger the lie.

Corporate Social Responsibility always adds value to the brand Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility always adds value to the brand - Essay Example Whether reacting as a result of peer pressure or because of basic human decency, corporations that choose to implement corporate social responsibility initiatives improve their image and increase their brand value. This increases their competitive advantage and can enhance their image thus attracting talented or skilled workers who may wish to be hired by respected companies. The improved image will also positively affect the attractiveness of the organization’s goods or services. In all circumstances, CSR initiatives that are meant to improve the community or preserve the environment also generate environmental as well as social value, while simultaneously supporting the organization’s corporate objectives, improving relationships with all stakeholders, and reducing overall costs. In modern times, the trend of social consciousness is affecting every facet of public life. The business scene has particularly been impacted by the notion of giving back to the community that has given its support. Being socially conscious basically has to do with having additional commitments other than just meeting financial organisational objectives. The push for businesses to take on more socially-related responsibilities has produced a noticeable change in organisational stakeholders like workers, customers, contractors, and shareholders in most industries. This is because these stakeholders are usually vested in ensuring that their brands remain in the minds of present clients as well as potential customers. For brands to be marketable in Western nations today, they have to be linked to some type of socially conscious agenda. Organisations can no longer create interest by defining their brands in terms of their functions or abilities; they also have to include culturally rela ted, environmentally-related, or socially-related statements in their marketing messages in

Environmental Law, Case Briefings Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Law, Briefings - Case Study Example ach exemption were made, it was found that it failed to comprise of the consequences of the measurements; moving on it was found that the court could not review the specific legal conclusion and its reasonableness until and unless the EPA discussed the estimate of assimilative-capacity loss and went to clarify why it thought of them as insignificant; Further the approval of EPA of Kentucky's categorization of certain waters as appropriate for Tier I rather than Tier II protection was not arbitrary, contrary to law and capricious. Thus the case was remanded to the EPA and it was allowed to take into account of and then properly address the paucity in consideration the exceptions known as de minimis. The case involved a ruling under National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and there wee many defendants and plaintiffs. The case concerned the use of genetically modified crops which was a controversial practice and to be precise it was the use of hebicide resistance alfalfa which was produce by Monsanto. The facts concerned Monsanto Company which had been involved in large scale production of chemical products including the herbicides and pesticides. It developed a new genetically modified alfalfa in 1990s which was approved by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in 2005. This is an appeal for injunction which pending the environmental impact statement(EIS) was sought by the plaintiffs Geertson Seed Farms and Trask Family Seeds (conventional alfalfa-seed farms) and environmental groups who argue that such cross-pollination may cause conventional alfafa to finish. Monsanto and its licensee have been on the side of the governments and acted as the defendants. The Court of Appeal cited the decision of injunction which had been given by the district court and it was stated that subject to the pending EIS assessment and the deregulation decision, the injunction would be upheld. Despite the fact that there was no sufficient evidentiary hearing which was present due to the fact that the district court had performed the traditional test of balancing, so the injunction would be acted upon till the completion the analysis of the APHIS. It needs to be pointed out that the Court clearly illustrated that there was no matter of law which was involved. Wong v. Bush, U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals No. 07-16799 The plaintiff in this case were those who had taken active part in the protest which had taken place on August 26 and 27, 2007, which opposed the Hawaii Super ferry's(HSF) operation to the Nawiliwili Harbor in Kauai, Hawaii, by saying that it was illegal. The Appellants went on to appeal from the district court which denied them the motion for declaratory relief, restraining order for provisional period, a preliminary injunction and a permanent

Macro Economics - Supply Side Options Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro Economics - Supply Side Options - Essay Example Classical economists therefore focus on endogenous supply-side causes of unemployment and will prescribe policies that affect the aggregate supply of labor such as reducing information asymmetries and removing constraints on worker's mobility to lower unemployment in the long-run. On the other hand, Keynesian economists view the labor market in the short-run assuming fluctuations in the economy; the Keynesian aggregate supply curve is horizontal where wages are "sticky" and not everyone in the labor force finds jobs. Thus, Keynesian unemployment is demand-driven and caused by variables exogenous to the labor market, such as economic recessions and decreases in output that alters aggregate demand causing disequilibrium. Keynesian economists who give importance to exogenous demand-driven causes of unemployment will therefore prescribe expansionary fiscal policies to stimulate aggregate demand such as increasing government expenditures and inducing consumption to restore equilibrium and lower short-run unemployment. Supply-siders focus on managing aggregate supply to stabilize short-run fluctuations, and increase output in the long-run. They begin with the implications that without structural policies to shift the aggregate supply curve outward, fiscal policies focusing on demand-effects cannot increase aggregate output in the long-run because of crowding-out effects; while at the same time causing inflation because despite the shift in the aggregate demand curve, the crowding-effect causes excess demand, thereby increasing prices. However, since structural policies are difficult to implement, supply-siders emphasize the supply-side effects of fiscal policies assuming that aside from demand-effects, fiscal policies have strong supply-side effects, which can shift both the short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves to the right, offsetting inflationary pressures while increasing aggregate output. Hence, supply-siders would advocate fiscal policies that reduce taxes affecting the labor force, such as an income tax cut because of its ability to stimulate aggregate supply by providing laborers greater incentives to work thereby increasing over-all productivity. Furthermore, the shift in aggregate supply offsets inflationary pressures in the long-run, such that if the supply curve shifts far enough, aggregate output can increase without increasing prices. Question 3: In reaction to Keynesian prescriptions that governments must take an active policy role in stabilizing the economy, Monetarists take a more passive stance regarding economic policy, advising that the Fed must simply allow money supply to grow at a constant rate, and make adjustments only if the rate which the full employment economy grows deviate from nominal targets. Hence, Monetarists prefer rules-based policy regimes as opposed to discretionary ones, where the margin for error is larger. The rationale for Monetarist prescriptions lies in the assumption that the economy is inherently stable, wherein disruptions within the economy are caused by wrong economic policies. Monetarists argue that the economy is better-off if policymakers, with their limited abilities, refrain from fine-tuning the economy. They emphasize the time lags present in implementing economic policie

Ratio Analysis Of British Airways Plc Finance Essay

Ratio Analysis Of British Airways Plc Finance Essay British Airways PLC is the largest international airline of United Kingdom. It is based at the London Heathrow Airport and the busiest airports in the world. It is serves 96 million passengers a year using around 441 airports in 86 countries and more than thousand planes. British airway is fiercely competitive, heavily regulated and highly exposed to changes in customer behaviour and consumer confidence. British airway has a total market capitalisation of approximately  £3299 million, Shares in Issue 1153 million and the current share price is 286p. The past economic environment creates a new challenge to the company they concentrate their efforts to seize long-term opportunities for growth. 2. Background Feb 2008 In this fiscal year, British Airways is targeting a 10 percent operating margin, which is said to be the highest in its history, as it taps demand for premium travel It once again declared that it is targeting a full-year sales growth of 3 to 3.5 percent. May 2008 British Airways Operational Environment to keep up with competitors and to incorporate fuel efficient aircraft to its ageing fleet, British Airways signed a firm contract on 28 May 2008 for two Airbus A138 British Airways Report on British Airways The airways has an Operational Environment in order to keep up with its competitors and to combine its fuel efficient aircraft to its ageing fleet, British Airways has signed a firm contract for two Airbus A138 on 28 May 2008. Jul 2008 Merger talks were started between British Airways and Iberia in the year 2008 due to the decrease in passenger demand, whereas on the other hand the pension fund deficit was around 3 billion pounds ($5 billion) and the outcome of the combined entity was striking. British Airways plans to reduce seating, raise ticket prices as there was a 90% fall in the first quarter which was three days after announcing merger talks with Iberia. Mar 2009 By March, 2009 its revenues rose to  £8.99 billion whereas it was  £8.75 billion a year agoBritish Airways revenues rose to  £8.99 billion for the year ended March 31, 2009. The same stood at  £8.75 billion in the same period a year ago. Reduced passenger and cargo demand and high fuel prices last summer contributed to our 220 million pounds . The introduction of Reduced passenger and cargo demand and high fuel prices helped in the contribution of the 220 million pounds operating loss in the last year. April 2009 during the global recession period, Europes third- biggest carrier, the British Airways Plc, gave an approval of a voluntary severance for a total number of 300 workers because the traffic of passengers extended to a great deal. Jul 2009 By John Bowker LONDON (Reuters) British Airways (BAY.L) has not ruled out a major rights issue to help shore up its balance sheet but analysts see such a move as an absolute last resort and one that could destroy management credibility. Sep 2009 On this day the first EMBRAER 170 jet was delivered by Embraer in Sà £o Josà © dos Campos, Brazil, the headquarters, to British Airways. This aircraft was configured with 76 seats and in a singleclass layout, which will be operated by BA CityFlyer, British Airways wholly owned regional subsidiary. Also to mention that the regional subsidiary operates international and domestic routes from London City Airport. Oct 2009 A new service is to be launched by the British Airways from Gatwick to Montego bay, Punta Cana twice in a week. Nov 2009 British Airways (BA) has operated for 23 years at London Heathrow and finally has bid farewell to the facilty. Jan 2010 British Airways has been operating Japan in the past 62 years and at present it operates 7 flights in a week between London Heathrow and Narita International Airport. British Airways Flying Club Piper PA-28-236 G-ODAK. Shoreham 6/3/ 2010. Sep 2010 British Airways provides an Increase in the number of Flights to the Caribbean Just the Filed in: Flight, Travel Campbell River Firm Restoring the Past DC-3 Called a Flying Time Capsule 3. Ratio analysis 3.1. Ratio Analysis- British Airways PLC RATIO 2010 2009 B/W Operating profit margin 231 7994 2.89% 220 8992 2.45% B Current 2674 3740 .71 2346 4142 .56 B Quick 2674-98 3740 .69 2346-127 4142 .54 B Fixed Asset turnover 7994 7973 1 8992 8142 1.1 W Return on capital employed 231 10677-3740 3.33% 220 10488-4142 3.47% W Return on equity 425 2113 20.11% 358 1846 19.39 % B Debt to equity 4824 2113 2.28 4500 1846 2.43 B Dividend yield 5.20 122.8 4.23% 5.02 150.9 3.33% B Price to earning ratio 250 38.5 6.49 137.5 32.6 4.21 W Earning yield 38.5 250 15.4% 32.6 137.5 23.7% W Return on total assets 425 10677 3.98% 358 10488 3.41% B Sales per employee 7994 79097  £ 518565.8 8992 72375  £ 490196.9 B Stock turnover 412 x 365 25842 5.819 days 417 x 365 21890 6.953 days W Dividend cover 38.5 5.20 1.123 32.6 5.02 2.502 W Account receivable turnover 499 x 365 7994 22.78 days 530 x 365 8992 21.51 days W Account payable turnover 3160 x 365 25842 44.63 days 2963 x 365 21890 49.41 days W Total Asset turnover 7994 10677 0.75 8992 10488 .86 W Gearing 4824 4824+2113 69.54% 4500 4500+1846 70.91% B 3.2. Interpretation and Explanations of ratios 3.2.1. Operating profit margin The  Operating Profit Margin measures the Operating Profit in relation to the Net Sales.   This reveals the operating efficiency of the company. The higher the Operating Profit Margin, then more efficient is the business. Operating Profit   Operating Profit Margin  = Sales   As a result of analysis, the operating profit margin of the year 2009 is 2.45% and that of the year 2010 is 2.89%. The operation margin of the year 2010 is higher than that of the year 2009, so it can be concluded that the company is performing an efficient operation. 3.2.2. Current ratio The current ratio compares all the Current Assets of a company to all the Current Liabilities.   What this ratio basically tells us is if the company had to sell all its readily available assets, would it be able to pay off its immediate debt? A ratio under  1 suggests that the company  would  be  unable to pay off  its obligations if they came due at that point. Current Assets Current Ratio = Current Liabilities As a result of analysis, the current ratio of the year 2009 is 0.56 and that of year 2010 is 0.71. Current ratio of both years is below 1 so it can be concluded that the company is not in good financial health. Also it can be said that the company is performing good since the current ratio of 2010 is higher when compared to that of 2009. . 3.2.3. Quick ratio Also called the Acid-Test Ratio, the  current ratio compares all the Current Assets of a company to all the Current Liabilities just like the Current Ratio, but the Inventories are subtracted from the Current Assets. Current Assets Inventory Quick  Ratio = Current Liabilities As a result of analysis, quick ratio of the year 2009 is 0.54 and that of the year 2010 is 0.69. Current ratio of 2010 is higher than 2009, so the company is in a favourable position 3.2.4. Fixed Asset turnover The  Fixed Asset Turnover is measure  a companys effectiveness in  generating  Net Sales  revenue from investments back into the company. The higher the Fixed Asset Turnover ratio, the more effective the companys investments in Net Property, Plant, and Equipment have become. Sales     Fixed Asset Turnover = Fixed asset   From the analysis of the last two years, fixed asset turnover of the year 2009 is 1.1 and the year 2010 is 1. Fixed asset turnover is low in the year 2010, so it can be said that the company is not as effective compared to the year 2009. 3.2.5. Return on Capital employed It is a ratio that indicates the  efficiency  and profitability of a companys capital investments. ROCE should always be higher than the rate  at which  the  company  borrows otherwise any increase in borrowing will reduce shareholders earnings. Operating profit     Return on capital employed = Total assets   Current liability As a result of analysis, the return on capital employed of the year 2009 is 3.47% and the year 2010 is 3.33%. Return on capital employed of the year 2010 is less than the year 2009, so it can be said that, profitability of the company is less when compared to 2009. 3.2.6. Return on equity The  Return on Equity measures the Net Earnings in relation to the Equity.   Return on Equity describes how well contributions from  stockholders  generated earnings for the company. Net Earnings   Return on Equity =   Equity   From the analysis of return on equity ratio, it is 19.39% for the year 2009 and 20.11% for the year 2010. In the year 2010 return on equity ratio is high, so profitability of the company is high compared to 2009. 3.2.7. Debt to equity ratio The Debt to  Equity  Ratio compares the companys dollar amount owed to creditors to the dollar amount supplied by investors of the company.   debt   Debt to Equity Ratio = Equity   As a result of analysis, the debt to equity ratio of the year 2009 is 2.43 and that of the year 2010 is 2.28. Ratio of the year 2010 is low, so it can be said that the company is at favourable position. 3.2.8. Dividend yield A financial ratio that  shows how much a  company  pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price.  In the absence of any capital gains, the dividend yield is the return on investment for a  stock. Dividends per Share   Dividend Yield = Share price As a result of analysis, the dividend yield of the year 2010 is 4.23% and the year 2009 is 3.33%, so it can be concluded that cash flow in the year 2010 is more than in the year 2009. 3.2.9. Earnings per share The  Earnings Per Share compares Net Earnings to the number of Shares, and is simply how much earnings has been generated per one share of stock during the period reported. Profit after tax   Earnings Per Share = Number of share   As a result of analysis, the earnings per share for the years 2009 and 2010 are 12.56p and 5.84p. Earnings per share in the year 2010 are less compared to the year 2009, so it can be said that the company is not performing good. 3.2.10. Price to Earnings ratio The Price to Earnings Ratio  compares the Share Price to the Earnings per Share.   This ratio is a quick measure of how expensive the stock of a company may be. Share Price     Price to Earnings Ratio = Earnings Per Share From the analysis of the price to earnings ratio, it is 6.49 for the year 2010 and is 4.21 for the year 2009. So it can be concluded that the companys share has gone down in the year 2010 when compared to the year 2009. 3.2.11. Earning yield It is the earnings per share for the most recent 12-month period divided by the current market price per share. The earnings yield shows the percentage of each dollar invested in the stock that was earned by the  company. Earnings Per Share     Earning yield = Share Price As a result of analysis, the earning yield for the year 2009 is 23.7% and the year 2010 is 15.4%. Investment percentage of the year 2010 is lower than the year 2009, so the company has not been performing well in the year 2010. 3.2.12. Return on total assets The Return on Total Assets  measures the profit before interest in relation to the Total Assets.   The Return on Total Assets identifies how well the investments of the company have generated earnings back to the company. Higher the ROA number, the better, because the company is earning more money on less investment. Profit before interest   Return on Total Assets = Total Assets As a result of analysis, the return on total assets of the years 2010 and 2009 are 3.98% and 3.41% respectively. Return on total assets in the year 2010 is higher when compared to the year 2009 and hence it can be said that the company has earned high with its investment in the year 2010. 3.2.13. Sales per employee The name indicates how the sales/employee ratio is calculated: a companys annual sales divided by its total employees. Higher sales-per-employee figures are generally considered more efficient than those with lower figures. Sales revenue   Sales per employee = Average number of employees As a result of the analysis, sales per employee of the years 2009 and 2010 are  £ 490196.9 and  £ 518565.8 respectively. Sales per employee of year 2010 are higher than that of the year 2009 and hence in the year 2010 the company has earned more profit with a fewer number of employees compared to the previous year. 3.2.14. Stock turnover (in days)   Stock turnover ratio  shows how many times over the business has sold the value of its stocks in terms of days. A high stock turnover is better, because money is then tied up for a lesser time in stocks. Sales x 365   Stock turnover (in days) = Cost of sales The result of analysis of stock turnover for the years 2009 and 2010 are 6.953 days and 5.819 days. Stock turnover in the year 2010 is lower than the year 2009. So turning the stock of the company to money in the year 2010 is better. 3.2.15. Dividend cover The dividend cover ratio tells us how easily a business can pay its dividend from profits. A high dividend cover means that the company can easily afford to pay the dividend and a low value means that the business might have difficulty paying a dividend. Earnings per share   Dividend cover = Dividend per share As a result of analysis, the dividend cover of the year 2009 is 2.502 and the year 2010 is 1.123. Dividend cover of 2010 is lower than the year 2009. Hence it is difficult for the company to pay dividend in the year 2010 compared to 2009. 3.2.16. Account receivable turnover This is the ratio of the number of times that accounts receivable amount is collected throughout the year. A high  accounts receivable turnover ratio  indicates a tight credit policy. A low or declining  accounts receivable turnover ratio  indicates a collection problem, part of which may be due to bad debts. Debtor x 365   Account receivable turnover = Sales Form the analysis of the account receivable turnover; it is 22.78 days for the year 2010 and 21.51 days for the year 2009. Account receivable turnover of the year 2010 is higher, and so, collection in the year 2010 is hard compared to the year 2009. 3.2.17. Account payable turnover The measure shows investors how many times per period the company pays  its average payable amount.   If the turnover ratio is falling from one period to another, this is a sign  that the company is taking longer to pay off  its suppliers than  it was  before.   Creditor x 365   Account payable turnover = Cost of sales From the analysis of account payable turnover it is 49.41 days for the year 2009 and 44.63 days for the year 2010. Account payable turnover of the year 2010 is less, so it can be concluded that the company is taking longer time to pay off  its suppliers than the year 2009.   3.2.18. Total Asset turnover The amount of sales generated for every pounds worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in pounds by assets in pound. The higher value of asset turnover is better. Sales     Total Asset Turnover = Total Assets   As a result of analysis, the total asset turnover of years 2010 and 2009 are 0.75 and 0.86. In the year 2010, asset turnover is less, so the company was not effective as in the year 2009. 3.2.19. Gearing ratio Gearing is a measure of financial leverage, demonstrating the degree to which a firms activities are funded by owners funds versus creditors funds.  A company with high gearing is more vulnerable to downturns in the  business cycle. Debt     Gearing ratio = Debt + Equity   From analysis, the gearing ratio of the years 2010 and 2009 are 69.54% and 70.91% respectively. Gearing ratio of the year 2010 is less compared to that of 2009, so the company had a good financial strength in the year 2010. 4. The impact of current events Revenue of the company was decreased to 7,994 m in the year 2010 which was favourable for the company Earnings per share in the year 2010 and 2009 were 38.5 and 32.6 and hence the companys earnings from shares are high compared to the year 2008. Operating profit of the company is high in the year 2009 compared to the year before. This is good for the company. The company has failed to give enough dividends in the year 2009 compared to the previous year. So it has failed to attract the shareholders. Total equity of the company has increased in the year 2010 which is not a good sign for the company. Cost of sale of the company is raised in the year 2009 compared to the previous year. Thus the companys expenditure has been increased in 2009. Hence, cost of sale should be reduced by the company. Account receivable turnover is higher in the year 2010 when compared to the year 2009, which is not good for the company. Account payable turnover is high in the year 2009 compared to the previous year which is not favourable for the company. Fixed asset turnover of the company is almost equal in the last two years and hence this does not have any impact on the company. From the ratio analysis most of the ratios turned positive result. This is shows that the company performing well. From the above analysis and the financial data of the company, we can say that the companys performance is good in the year 2010 when compared to the previous year. 5. Prediction for the future The British Airways PLC Company has performed well in the last year compare that of past years. and this may be because of the financial crisis which occurred in the year 2009.as a result of the above analysis the company is expected to perform well in future in order to maintain its standard. For this it should enhance the services and offers given to the customers and also provide good and reliable service. This may help in attracting more customers. The company should offer more facilities compared to the other telecommunication companies and this will greatly help the company to develop and grow in the forthcoming years. Conclusion The Vodafone group PLC is a well-established international company in the telecommunication sector and has a good name in the market. The company has failed to perform well in the year 2009 compare to the year 2008 and this may be because of the financial crisis. But in spite of the crisis it had a good financial history in the past years. So there is a strong hope that Vodafone Group PLC will perform well in the coming years.